Resumo. Abstract: Aim Describe the diversity of immature stages of Odonata (Insecta) in streams from a subtropical island in southern Brazil and investigate the influence of environmental variables on the composition of their assemblages. Methods Eleven low-order streams (1st to 3rd order) were sampled in two conservation units located in the island of Santa Catarina (southern Brazil) between 2010 and 2012. Immature specimens of Odonata were collected using a Surber sampler. The influence of water abiotic parameters and habitat structure (mesohabitats: riffle vs. pool areas, microhabitats: litter vs. stone substrates) on the composition of Odonata was tested through the seasons using ordination diagrams and redundancy analysis. Results Nine odonate genera from seven families were recorded in the study region. The genera Desmogomphus, Epigomphus (Gomphidae), Heteragrion (Heteragrionidae) and Perilestes (Perilestidae) have their first records described for the state of Santa Catarina. Additionally, biological notes are provided for other odonate genera concerning substrate use. The composition of Odonata communities changed over the seasons and they were influenced by water temperature and velocity. Additionally, odonate composition differed significantly between microhabitats (substrate type) and mesohabitats (riffle vs. pool areas) in the streams studied. Conclusions The lower genera richness of Odonata recorded in the island of Santa Catarina in relation to other Brazilian subtropical streams is probably associated with the insular condition of the study region. This study also demonstrated that substrate (organic and inorganic) and mesohabitat (riffle and pool) types were important drivers of the composition of the fauna of immature odonates, evidencing the role of climate and habitat structure in influencing subtropical stream insect communities.