Resumo. Abstract Aim Characterize cyanobacterial accumulations detected for the first time from November 2020 to February 2022 along the coastal zone of the Paraná River and in the Zaimán and Mártires streams in Posadas (Misiones, Argentina), by identifying the dominant species, determining their potential toxicity, and monitoring their progression using satellite images. Methods This work analyzes the presence of cyanobacteria by optical microscopy, the production of microcystin (MCY) by molecular and analytical methods, and the detection of these cyanobacterial accumulations by satellite image analysis. Results Optical microscopy analysis revealed the presence of Microcystis spp. colonies in all collected samples and Dolichospermum sp. in the Mártires stream. Using PCR amplification of a conserved region of the mcyE gene we confirmed the presence of MCY-encoding genes in all samples and MCY in the Zaimán stream using UPLC MS/MS analysis. Complementary satellite image analysis showed blooms in the Zaimán and Mártires streams were detectable during all the sampling periods. The presence of Microcystis spp., and MCY could affect the population, as well as the flora and fauna in the streams and the ecosystems along the Paraná River basin. Conclusions In this study, we successfully characterized cyanobacterial accumulations along the Paraná River coast and in the Zaimán and Mártires streams, revealing the presence of Microcystis spp. colonies and MCY-encoding genes, with potential implications for local populations and ecosystems.