Resumo. Heteroespecific differences in growth rates in height, biomass production and leaf area among co-occurring species are ways of measuring the occurrence of interaction: facilitation or competition. Based on the broader concept of facilitation, this type of positive interaction has been reported to explain the co-occurrence of species in environments with high resource limitations, such as arctic and arid climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate if facilitation could favor the initial development of Mimosa caesalpinlifolia and Bauhinia cheilantha populations, two species typical of the Caatinga region, under greenhouse conditions. The seedlings of Mimosa caesapinifolia Benth and Bauhinia cheilantha (Bongard) were cultivated in pots for 120 days in the ratios of 4: 1; 3: 2; 2: 3; 1: 4; 5: 0; 0: 5. Evaluations about structure and of some nutrient contents (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the soil and leaf of the seedlings. The results of growth, biomass allocation and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaves of Mimosa caesalpinlifolia were positively influenced by the increase of the density of Bauhinia cheilantha (Bongard) Steudel individuals. However, the latter species had the lowest growth rate of intra-specific competition. If we adopt the broadest concept of facilitation, we can affirm that there were positive interactions. As both are species of Fabaceae that may present associations with mycorrhizal fungi and diazotrophic bacteria, the main limiting nutrient for good performance in the co-occurrence of these two populations should be phosphorus, since there were no differences in the amount of nitrogen available in the soil between the beginning and the end of the experiment.